Africa and me |
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I made my first steps in Lusophone African studies at the University of Lisbon in 1993-1996. My modest beginnings crisscrossed the modest beginnings of other people, since I had classes with Inocência Mata in my first course of Portuguese studies for foreigners; obviously she was not yet the conspicuous figure she became later on with the advent of the Lusophony as an official political project in late 90ties; I also had classes with other people shaping the early landscape of the so-called "literaturas de expressão portuguesa". At the early stage of my career, I worked mainly with the Portuguese metropolitan writing, but later on, I progressively developed more consistent research interest in the Portuguese-speaking African literatures, their current impact on the literary life of the former colonial metropolis, as well as new ways of conceptualizing their recent development, disrupting the established boundaries of the postcolonial theory.
Although I did not publish any major monograph dedicated to this literature yet (there exist an editorial proposal in this domain, so it may come true in quite near future), I have been working on Lusophone African topics for over a decade. One of the significant steps was my participation in the collective research project “Silent Intelligentsia. A study of civilizational oppression” financed by the Polish National Science Centre (NCN) in 2006-2009; I contributed to it giving a comparative outlook on the formation of new intellectual elites in different parts of Africa after the breakdown of the Portuguese colonial empire. More recently, I profited from my 10-month-long stay in Portugal as a Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation's fellow in 2016/2017 to develop my Africanist competence, studying in particular the literature of Guinea-Bissau. In December 2016 I travelled to this country for a short term research. In a 10-year perspective, I have developed a more or less continuous track of publications on African topics, both in Poland and in the international context (I've contributed to the leading German journal of Lusophone studies, Lusorama, as well as several collective volumes). Overall, my African research and reflection is intertwined with other topics, forming a comparativist approach. This is why I've usually presented it in a World Literature contexts rather than typically Africanist one, for instance at the 21st Congress of International Comparative Literature Association in Vienna (in June 2016), where I contributed with a paper on the intertextual relationship of the Mozambican writer Honwana and the Angolan writer Ondjaki. My papers on the emergence of the written culture and the figure of transcolonial intellectual are still examples of such an approach. I've also included the results of my research on African topics in my monographs, such as Imperium i nostalgia (2015) and Humanistyka, która nadchodzi (2018) as they served me to put in the lime-light the development of the hegemonic conception of the Portuguese culture and to consolidate my theoretical outlook on global transcultural humanities. The comparative approaches I develop serve me to build a transcolonial vision, not only mimicking the frontiers of the former Portuguese empire, but also in the regional context of West Africa. I'm also interested in building parallels and comparisons between the cultural dynamics in the sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb. Overall, I've been busy quite a lot with African materials since my last research stay in Lisbon; here in Leiden where I am now, although primarily occupied with an Orientalist project, I also revisit the African topics with a certain assiduity, working on a couple of new papers focusing especially the marginal reality of Guinea-Bissau and developing new projects, as presented below. |
my papers in lusophone african literatures and cultures |
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(forthcoming:) “Mia Couto and his African context: Invention of an origin”, The Worlds of Mia Couto, Kristian Van Haesendock (ed.), Peter Lang, 2020.
The main line of argumentation in this chapter traces the process of “invention of an origin” performed by a white, blue-eyed descendant of the colonisers. In response to the criticism voiced by his African interlocutors at the moment of the publication of Vozes Anoitecidas (1986), Mia Couto legitimises his existence as a forerunner of a genuinely African intellectual, whose advent is announced in Um rio chamado tempo, uma casa chamada terra (2002). The literary construction of autochthonism brings him close to other Lusophone writers such as Pepetela, facing the same racial situation as descendants of the colonisers rather than the colonised. This process involves a creative redefinition of the notions of kinship, paternity and transmission, as well as the work on the Portuguese language. Mia Couto tries to rebuild it in such a way that it might render the African vision of the reality, creating a highly peculiar and recognisable style, implying a translingual dimension of the text. At the same time, this endeavour is interpreted as an echo of the centuries-old Portuguese millenarianist vision of the recuperation of the ideal, pre-Babelian speech of man. Nonetheless, the chapter's conclusion focuses on the paradoxical outcome of Couto's struggle for “Africanization”, putting in the limelight precisely the lowly, maculate origin of language and community. (Forthcoming:) "Ondjaki's Classmates Read Honwana. Towards a Transcolonial Theory", World Literature and the Postcolonial: Narratives of (Neo)Colonialization in a Globalized World, Elke Sturm-Trigonakis (ed.), 2019.
In order to trace the stakes of transcolonial theory, the chapter explores the relationship between the colonial text of Luís Bernardo Honwana, Nós Matámos o Cão Tinhoso, and its reading in Ondjaki's short-story Nós Chorámos pelo Cão Tinhoso. The aim of transcolonial creative and interpretative practice is to search for innovative ways of deconstructing and replacing the hierarchical patterns, inherited from the colonial past and reproduced in the postcolonial reality, that frame the individuals as subordinate and superordinate. Instead, patterns of partnership and cooperation between equal, autonomous persons should be conceived and promoted. Such a new mentality is designed by Ondjaki in the narration depicting collective reading of Honwana's text by Angolan schoolchildren. The reinvented ritual of sacrificing the Mangy Dog (as a textual representation and not as a substitutive victim) is supposed to foster the formation of new communitarian bonds, healthier than those that characterized the “coming of age” of the colonial assimilados. “Amargas mistidas. O desalento africano em Desesperança no chão de medo e dor de Tony Tcheka” [“Bitter mistidas. The African despair in Desesperança no chão de medo e dor of Tony Tcheka”], Studia Romanica Posnaniensia, no 46(3)/2019.
The essay focuses on selected poems from the volume Desesperança no chão de medo e dor published in 2015. Tony Tcheka offers a bitter comment on the reality of his native Guinea-Bissau that, for analytical sake, is confronted with other voices of the country. The topics discussed are: the crisis of collective identity, as well as such values as freedom and solidarity; the deficient status of Kriol as a supposed "national" language; sexuality and gender issues, such as promiscuity and insufficiency of male role models; the status of traditional beliefs and tribal identifications. “Wielość Gwinei. W poszukiwaniu kategorii opisu dla transkolonialnej Afryki Zachodniej” [“Plurality of Guineas. In search of analytic categories for the transcolonial West Africa”], Intelektualiści afrykańscy wobec doświadczenia dyktatur, Wojciech Charchalis, Renata Diaz-Szmidt, Marcin Krawczuk, Małgorzata Szupejko (eds), Warszawa – Poznań, ASPRA-JR, 2018, p. 243-256. ISBN 978-83-7545-873-2
“Nowe triangulacje. Literatura portugalskojęzyczna po luzofonii” [“New triangulations. The literature in Portuguese after the Lusophony”], Literatury mniejsze Europy romańskiej, vol. 3: Pośród literatur świata, Barbara Łuczak (ed.), Poznań, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Adama Mickiewicza, 2017, p. 25-39. ISBN 978-83-232-3270-4
"Written exercises. Ancestral magic and emergent intellectuals in Mia Couto, Lhoussain Azergui and Dorota Masłowska", Colloquia Humanistica, nr 5/2016, s. 143-156. ISSN 2081-6774
The article consists in a comparative reading of three novels: Um rio chamado tempo by Mia Couto, Le pain des corbeaux by Lhoussain Azergui and Paw królowej by Dorota Masłowska. In spite of the difference of the historical circumstances of Mozambique, Morocco and Poland, these three books meet at an intersecting point: the emergence of an intelligentsia that uses literacy and writing as an instrument to deconstruct the post-colonial concept of nation and to operate a trans-colonial renegotiation of identity. By the notion of trans-colonial, I understand the opposition against new kinds of symbolic violence that emerged after the end of the colonial period; here this new form of oppression is related to the concept of national unity – an artificial construct that leaves no place for the dualism or pluralism of cultural reality (two shores of the Zambezi river, Arab and Berber dualism in Morocco, “small homelands” in Poland). The young heroes of the novels grasp the pen in order to break through the falseness or the taboos created by the fathers, establishing, at the same time, the relation of solidarity with the world of the grandfathers. The act of writing becomes an actualization of the ancestral universe of magic. The settlement of accounts with the parental generation concerns the vision of nation built upon the resistance against the colonizer (it also refers to the Polish cultural formation, based on the tradition of uprisings and resistance against the Russians). “Na ścieżkach krzyżujących się pokus. Frankofonia i luzofonia jako formy zawłaszczania przestrzeni kreacji” [“The paths of criss-crossing temptations. Francophony and lusophony as forms of appropriation of the creative space”], Współczesne literatury afrykańskie i inne teksty kultury w świetle badań postkolonialnych, Wojciech Charchalis, Renata Díaz-Szmidt, Ewa Siwierska, Małgorzata Szupejko (ed.), Warszawa – Poznań, Oficyna Wydawnicza Aspra, 2015, p. 115-132. ISBN 978-83-7545-634-9
“Uma lição portuguesa de multiculturalismo” [“A Portuguese lesson of multiculturalism”], Lusorama. Zeitschrift für Lusitanistik, no 79-80 (November 2009), p. 176-193. ISSN 0931-9484
“Imperial Seduction and ‘Meek’ Forms of Symbolic Oppression”, Silent Intelligentsia. A Study of Civilizational Oppression, Jan Kieniewicz (ed.), Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies "Artes Liberales", Warsaw 2009, p. 108-123. ISBN 978-83-920349-9-5
„Od paternalizmu do luzofonii. Trudna emancypacja inteligencji byłych kolonii portugalskich w Afryce” ["From paternalism to lusophony. Difficult emancipation of the intelligentsia in the former Portuguese colonies in Africa"], Literatura ludowa, nr 1/2008, p. 41-53. ISSN 0024-4708
“«Biała» i «czarna» inteligencja afrykańska – milczenie i gadatliwość” [“'White' and 'black' African intelligentsia: silence and talkativeness”], Inteligencja, imperium i cywilizacje w XIX i XX wieku, Jan Kieniewicz (ed.), Warszawa, Instytut Badań Interdyscyplinarnych "Artes Liberales", 2008, p. 259-269. ISBN 978-83-923482-9-0
"Hegemonia discursiva ou saudade do Outro? Os silêncios angolanos em Yaka, de Pepetela” ["Discursive hegemony or longing for the Other? Angolan silence in Yaka, by Papetela"], Romanica Cracoviensia, nr 5/2005, p. 127-137. ISSN 1732-8705; ISBN 83-233-2139-6
“Rzeczywistości egzotyczne w literaturze afrykańskiej tłumaczonej z języka portugalskiego: strategie tłumacza wobec obcości radykalnej” [“Exotic realities in the African literature translated from Portuguese: strategies of the translator confronted with absolute strangeness”], Między oryginałem a przekładem VII: Radość tłumaczenia. Przekład jako wzbogacenie kultury rodzimej, Maria Filipowicz-Rudek, Jadwiga Konieczna-Twardzikowa (eds.), Kraków, Księgarnia Akademicka, 2002, p. 99-105. ISBN 83-7188-463-X
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Translingual writers of Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau?
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The aim of the project is to study the ways how the aporia of untranslatability of a specific culture and the necessity of appealing to the global reader's comprehension is solved at the level of the writers' strategies implied in the literary texts. Contemporary authors belonging to the minor linguistic and cultural context of the former Portuguese West Africa wish to engage the global readership and build up diverse approaches to the problem of auto-translating their idiosyncratic message. These strategies go from the incrustation of some key terms taken from the minor (Kriol, as well as any of the native African tongues) into the framework of the dominant speech (Portuguese) to the authorial translation of the entire text from the minor into the major language. On the other hand, the phenomenon of translingualism in the literary communication is present both in terms of the literary writing across the languages with which the author is familiar and in terms of the competence of the ideal reader implied in the text. As I claim, translingual texts build up their own audience, transmitting to the readers a certain degree of familiarity with the cultural key notions expressed in minor languages that the writers represent and strive to bring to the limelight of global awareness. The stake of such a literary practice is the formation of a common sphere of literary communication characterised by a non-hegemonic universalism, differing qualitatively from the often criticised, falsified universalisation of the Europocentric values.
The literature of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde is a neglected reality, even in the studies dealing with the West-African context, in which French and English postcolonial expression is predominant. Both countries not only gained their independence relatively late, as the outcome of a devastating colonial war and the Portuguese Carnation Revolution (1975), but also developed their original literary voice only in the recent decades. Even if the beginnings of literary activity in Cape Verde may be related to the review “Claridade” (1936), the statement is valid especially for Guinea-Bissau. Fully articulated literary system arguably appeared in this country as late as the last decade of the 20th century, with the novelistic work of Abdulá Silá and Filinto de Barros. The literary projects of both countries build up a tension between the search for the idiosyncratic expression in local Kriol languages (similar, yet divergent in the archipelago and in the mainland Guinea-Bissau) and the integration in a larger Portuguese-speaking world. While the development of Kriol played an important role in the nationalistic projects of the early postcolonial period, the return to Portuguese – paradoxically or not – is to be observed in the first decades of the 21st century; a constant oscillation between the local dimension of Kriol and the globalising standard Portuguese is visible. Strategies of auto-translation are typical for such authors as Odete Costa Semedo or Tony Tcheka. While the former published the parallel versions of her poems simultaneously, in a bilingual volume, the latter often creates them across years and decades of his literary evolution, rather as creative rewriting than literal translations. A subtle modulation of the poetic voice is to be observed, as the author does not say exactly the same in both linguistic versions. This procedure gives thus a large margin for critical interpretation of the interplay between both tongues of literary expression, as well as their relation to the “silent” African languages. Especially in the case of Guinea-Bissau, this background is very reach, as the country is a hot-spot of linguistic diversity, with more than 20 native tongues attested. Although virtually no written literature has ever been published in any of these (except samples of oral literature collected by the Portuguese in the beginning of the 20th century), their presence manifests itself through key terms invoking crucial culture-specific meanings, encrusted in both Portuguese and Kriol texts. The analysis of the creative ways of granting their understandability for non-local readers will be inspired by the methodological contribution of global native literary studies (cf. Allen 2012). As I claim, the recent literary creation, tending to adopt standard Portuguese expression at least as the main framework enabling translingual experimentation, is not – or not exclusively – addressed to the former colonial metropolis and transcends the boundaries of the Lusophone project that has been promoted by Portugal since the late nineties. It appeals to new literary circuits, sometimes designated as “Atlantic convergence” (“convergência atlântica”), exploiting the historical routes of dislocation and resettlement across the Atlantic, both those of the West-African slaves and the colonial deportations from Guinea-Bissau and the archipelago of Cape Verde to the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe. At the same time, Cape-Verdean writers such as Filinto Elísio aspire to unhindered participation in World Literature as a limitless, universalistic sphere of global exchange. The scholarly context in which this research is inscribed has been determined by the influential criticism of Gayatri Spivak (2003), accentuating the divergence between, on the one hand, the exhaustive study and interpretation of cultures in the so called Area Studies and, on the other hand, the universalistic domain of Comparative Literature, forgetful of cultural singularity and specificity. What seems to be derived is a vision of the global literary space as built up by the scholarly discipline alone. In other words, Comparative Literature may appear as constructing its own object of studies (World Literature abusively taken for an organic whole, while the only reality is the pattern of specific local literatures embedded in mutually untranslatable cultures). Spivak's seminal book has inspired a new paradigm of Comparative Literature focusing on radical specificity and untranslatability, based on the claim that one culture “cannot access another directly and with a guarantee” (Spivak 2003: 30); it seems to over-accentuate the particularism of literatures inscribed in local conditions, as well as idiosyncrasy of languages beyond any perspective of full translatability (cf. Apter 2011). Nonetheless, these approaches overlook the effort of developing an intra-textual dimension of translatability, performed by the writers representing non-dominant languages and cultures. Even if, as Spivak admits, there is no “guaranteed accessibility” or automatic mutual comprehension between cultures, I claim that a consistent effort of building a common sphere of literary communication is promoted by the writers. It is through their original creation that the non-hegemonic universalism of World Literature comes true; a global literary system is a reality in which even radically marginalized writers such as those of Guinea-Bissau are embedded. Those minor global writers overcome the specificity of their backgrounds in a constant creative effort of transmitting precisely the most unexpected and idiosyncratic aspects of their cultural origins. Addressing the major questions of this scholarly debate through the lens of a novel, little studied exemplification that is usually out of the scope of the mainstream criticism. BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen, Chadwick, Trans-indigenous: Methodologies for Global Native Literary Studies, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012. Apter, Emily, Against World Literature. On the Politics of Intranslatability, London – New York, Verso, 2013. Augel, Moema Parente, A nova literatura da Guiné-Bissau, Bissau: INEP, 1998. Augel, Moema Parente, O desafio do escombro. Nação, identidade e pós-colonialismo na literatura da Guiné-Bissau, Rio de Janeiro: Garamond, 2007. Elisio, Filinto, Zen Limites, Lisboa: Rosa de Porcelana Editora, 2016. Elisio, Filinto, Das Hespérides, Lisboa: Caminho, 2005. Elisio, Filinto, Li Cores & Ad Vinhos, Lisboa: Letras Várias, 2009. Barros, Filinto de, Kikia Matcho, Lisboa, Caminho, 1999. Damrosch, David, What is World Literature?, Princeton – Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2003. Gomes, Simone Caputo, Cabo Verde: Literatura em Chão de Cultura, Praia: Instituto da Biblioteca e do Livro, 2008. Kellman, Steven G., Switching Languages: Translingual Writers Reflect on Their Craft, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003. Ribeiro, Margarida Calafate, Semedo, Odete Costa (ed.), Literaturas da Guiné-Bissau. Cantando os escritos da história, Porto: Afrontamento, 2011. Semedo, Odete Costa, Entre o Ser e o Amar, Bissau: INEP, 1996. Semedo, Rui Jorge, Sem intenção. Poesia e crítica literária, S.l.: Corubal, 2013. Silá, Abudulai, Mistida, Bissau: Ku Si Mon, 1997. Spivak, Gayatri, Death of a Discipline, New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. Tavares, Eugène, Littératures lusophones des archipels atlantiques : Açores, Madère, Cap-Vert, São Tomé e Príncipe, Paris: L'Harmattan, 2009. Tcheka, Tony, Desesperança no chão de medo e dor, S.l.: Corubal, 2015. Tcheka, Tony, Guiné sabura que dói, São Tomé e Príncipe: UNEAS, 2008. Tcheka, Tony, Noites de insónia na terra adormecida, Bissau: INEP, 1996. 
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